Instruction Level Parallelism: Pipelining, Hazards, Compiler techniques for ILP, Branch prediction, Static and
Dynamic Scheduling, Speculation, Limits of ILP. Multicore Memory Hierarchy: Cache tradeoffs, Basic and
Advanced optimizations, Virtual Memory, DRAM optimizations. Multiprocessors: Symmetric and Distributed
architectures, Cache coherence protocols - Snoopy and Directory based, ISA support for Synchronization, Memory
Consistency Models. Interconnection Networks: Architectures, Topologies, Performance, Routing, Flow control,
Future of NoCs. VLSI: Transistor Theory. Moore’s Law. Delay, Power, Energy, Temperature dependence in
integrated circuits.